1. What is engineering? Use a monolingual dictionary to define this term. Discuss your answers in group.
2. Can you draw a difference between mathematical and natural sciences?
3. Look up the following words in a dictionary and explain their meanings and usage peculiarities: trade, craft, profession, job, occupation, work and career.
4. Read the text “What is engineering?” and take part in the discussion on the topic "Engineering".
5. Discuss the following problems in group:
a) What are the main branches of engineering?
b) What does the field of your speciality deal with?
c) Prove that a modern engineer has to require a basic knowledge of lots of engineering fields.
2. Can you draw a difference between mathematical and natural sciences?
3. Look up the following words in a dictionary and explain their meanings and usage peculiarities: trade, craft, profession, job, occupation, work and career.
4. Read the text “What is engineering?” and take part in the discussion on the topic "Engineering".
5. Discuss the following problems in group:
a) What are the main branches of engineering?
b) What does the field of your speciality deal with?
c) Prove that a modern engineer has to require a basic knowledge of lots of engineering fields.
What is Engineering?
Engineering is a term applied to the profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied to the efficient use of the materials and forces of nature. The term engineer properly denotes a
person who has received professional training in pure and applied science, but is often loosely used to describe the operator of an engine, as in the terms locomotive engineer, marine engineer, or stationary engineer. In modern terminology these latter occupations are known as crafts or trades. Between the professional engineer and the craftsperson or tradesperson, however, are those individuals known as subprofessionals or paraprofessionals, who apply scientific and engineering skills to technical problems; typical of these are engineering aides, technicians, inspectors, draftsmen, and the like.
Before the middle of the 18th century, large-scale construction work was usually placed in the hands of military engineers. Military engineering involved10 such work as the preparation of topographical maps, the location, design, and construction of roads and bridges; and the building efforts and docks; see Military Engineering below. In the 18th century, however, the term
civil engineering came into use to describe engineering work that was performed by civilians for nonmilitary purposes. With the increasing- use of machinery in the 19th century, mechanical engineering was recognized as a separate branch of engineering, and later mining engineering was similarly recognized.
The technical advances of the 19th century greatly broadened the field of engineering and introduced a large number of engineering specialties, and the rapidly changing demands of the socioeconomic environment in the 20th century have widened the scope11 even further.
person who has received professional training in pure and applied science, but is often loosely used to describe the operator of an engine, as in the terms locomotive engineer, marine engineer, or stationary engineer. In modern terminology these latter occupations are known as crafts or trades. Between the professional engineer and the craftsperson or tradesperson, however, are those individuals known as subprofessionals or paraprofessionals, who apply scientific and engineering skills to technical problems; typical of these are engineering aides, technicians, inspectors, draftsmen, and the like.
Before the middle of the 18th century, large-scale construction work was usually placed in the hands of military engineers. Military engineering involved10 such work as the preparation of topographical maps, the location, design, and construction of roads and bridges; and the building efforts and docks; see Military Engineering below. In the 18th century, however, the term
civil engineering came into use to describe engineering work that was performed by civilians for nonmilitary purposes. With the increasing- use of machinery in the 19th century, mechanical engineering was recognized as a separate branch of engineering, and later mining engineering was similarly recognized.
The technical advances of the 19th century greatly broadened the field of engineering and introduced a large number of engineering specialties, and the rapidly changing demands of the socioeconomic environment in the 20th century have widened the scope11 even further.
Vocabulary:
1. to apply – применять
2. to gain – получать, приобретать
3. experience – опыт
4. efficient – эффективный, действенный
5. loosely – неточно, небрежно
6. latter – недавний, последний
7. aid – вспомогательные средства
8. draftsmen – конструктор
9. large-scale – крупномасштабный
10. to involve – вовлекать
11. scope – область действия
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